Hybrid actions pose a challenge to European countries. Yet there is a great deal of uncertainty regarding the extent and form of the threat landscape, as threat assessments remain vague. A clear ...

The series CSS Policy Briefs provides concise, policy-orientated output with the aim to set agendas, explain policy-relevant issues, and identify policy options. CSS Policy Briefs are published each ...

Carl von Clausewitz's On War remains one of the foundational readings in professional military education. Nearly two centuries after its publication, senior military officers around the world, from ...

In the aftermath of 2014, various political and legislative processes related to the protection of CI were initiated or accelerated in Ukraine, culminating, for example, in the first comprehensive ...

The nature of Armenia's relationship with the USA is quite complex. For years Armenia had to cope with a serious dilemma in defining its foreign policy. On the one hand, ever since its independence ...

Gorana Grgić and Daniel Möckli place this year’s edition of Strategic Trends in the context of profound changes in the international order, characterized by shifting power balances, increasing rivalry ...

Recent revelations of Chinese government-backed hacking show a recurring pattern: prominent hackers behind groups such as APT17, APT27, APT41, Flax Typhoon, and Red Hotel—monikers given by ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

With 190 states parties, the NPT provides the legal basis for nuclear safeguards, which ensure that non-nuclear weapon states do not develop nuclear weapons, guarantees the right to peaceful uses of ...

Space systems are an integral part of modern war fighting. Militaries use them to conduct everything from reconnaissance to communications and data transfers, mission planning, and maintain ...

Armenia will hold parliamentary elections on 7 June 2026. A stronger strategic focus on Europe appears to be favoured by most contestants, but pragmatic relations with Russia are also regarded as ...

The Center for Security Studies’ annual flagship publication, Strategic Trends, identifies key developments shaping international politics and global order. Today’s geopolitical landscape is marked by ...