Microsoft’s Excel helps engineers with calculus and graphics to solve problems. But engineers often have to perform bitwise operations, too. Figure 1 shows the bitwise operations’ tables. The bitwise ...

The most common way to extract parts of any value is combining bitwise shifts with an AND operation, however, in this particular case, we can also cast the 32-bit value to a series of 8-bit values.

We demonstrate the feasibility of performing bulk bitwise operations with high reliability in Flash-Cosmos by testing 160 real 3D NAND flash chips. Our evaluation shows that Flash-Cosmos improves ...