From its ancient past to present-day modern construction, the profession of site surveying has evolved into a fine art, driving plan metrics from 2D to 3D to single-centimeter accuracy over the course ...

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have transformed numerous precision-oriented industries over the past few decades. Construction, in particular, has greatly benefited from the real-time ...

HAVING achieved in the past the distinction of appearing in seven editions, Whitelaw's “Surveying” has now, in the capable hands of Col. Sir G. R. Hearn, been thoroughly revised and enlarged in ...

The Constructor must have an understanding of the relationship of the site and topography to the act of building, and be capable of applying surveying standards on a construction project. The ...

Railway tunnel construction shortens the route length by allowing rail lines to pass through natural obstacles. These are particularly prevalent when it comes to passages and tunnels through mountains ...