The researchers directed a precisely tuned 225.7 nm femtosecond laser into water enriched with atomic oxygen generated by a ...
Oxygen began entering Earth's oceans around 2.32 billion years ago, and shallow seas followed within a few million years.
TALIF works by using a precisely tuned laser to excite the atoms being measured. Instead of absorbing a single photon, each atom absorbs two photons at the same time, and the combined energy of these ...
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis is a pivotal method for evaluating water quality by quantifying the oxygen required to oxidise organic matter. Traditionally, methods have relied on hazardous ...